It sounded too good to be true when I first heard about Theranos, a company that promised to revolutionize medical testing by making it possible to perform dozens of tests on a single drop of blood, rather than the several tubes that would typically be required. And that wasn't all. Former Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes, a Stanford dropout and media magnet whose wardrobe seemed to consist solely of all-black outfits, promised to empower patients by giving them the ability to order their own tests, rather than needing to ask a doctor to do so. As described in John Carreyrou's new book, Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup, Holmes took Silicon Valley's "fake it till you make it" philosophy one step too far: she never stopped faking it.
Even if the technology Theranos claimed to have developed had actually existed, FiveThirtyEight reporter Katherine Hobson pointed out that routine blood testing in healthy people has numerous downsides that Holmes never mentioned, including poor predictive value, false positives, and overdiagnosis. And even if a test accurately diagnoses a risk factor such as high blood sugar levels, a United Kingdom study found that persons invited to diabetes screening were no more likely than controls to quit smoking, reduce alcohol consumption, or become more physically active.
Yet the fascination with do-it-yourself medical testing continues. A 2016 New York Times article led with the story of Kristi Wood, a 49 year-old woman who was experiencing fatigue and cognitive problems. Rather than seeing a doctor, she turned to a direct-to-consumer testing service which told her that her vitamin D levels were too high, apparently because she had been overdosing on vitamin D supplements. Once she reduced her supplement dose, "she almost immediately felt better." She credited the testing service for making this (obvious) diagnosis and now has a bunch of blood tests repeated every 4 months.
Although Ms. Wood would do well to read Ms. Hobson's FiveThirty Eight article and my American Family Physician editorial on the lack of evidence supporting vitamin D screening and supplementation, at least the results were clear-cut and actionable. That isn't true for most abnormal results, which require clinical context, careful interpretation, and sometimes additional testing, to distinguish a false from a true positive. A normal laboratory range means that the vast majority - but not all - of healthy people's results will be found between these values. Statistically, 1 in every 20 tests is likely to be abnormal simply by chance. Since blood tests are usually ordered in panels, I estimate that about half of my own patients' result reports have at least one item flagged, with nearly all of them being false positives. In the absence of an informed explanation and reassurance from a health professional who spent 4 years in medical school, 3 years in residency, and 14 years in practice, these results could be alarming and/or trigger unnecessary action like starting a potentially harmful testosterone supplement, as did another do-it-yourself testing patient in the New York Times article.
On a related note, a blog post by family physician colleague Jennifer Middleton raised some good questions about do-it-yourself screening for ovarian cancer. For $295, a woman concerned about her ovarian cancer risk can request on a commercial website that an instructional kit be shipped directly to her home. According to the website, the test is intended to be "routine." But there's absolutely nothing routine about it. The ongoing randomized trial evaluating the test's effectiveness hasn't yet determined if it causes more good than harm. For women at low risk, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Society of Gynecologic Oncology recommend against being tested. The moral of this story: if you aren't feeling well or worry about getting sick in the future, don't seek out do-it-yourself testing. Don't be duped by companies such as Life Line Screening. Make an appointment to see a family doctor instead.
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This post first appeared on Common Sense Family Doctor on June 8, 2016.